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"Mongolian vast desert steppe."

"Mongolia is one of the important breeding and stopever sites for palearctic species. Breeding birds occur in many different habitats (from taiga forest through different steppes to Gobi desert including wetlands). Migratory birds pass through Mongolia from Siberian Taiga to wintering grounds. It means that you will have a unique opportunity to see not only breeding Palearctic species but also migratory species during both breeding and migration seasons. Untouched landscape and nomadic lifestyle give chance to discover a new species for the birds list of the country. The peaceful country and friendly field company attract many birdwatchers to Mongolia. Through birdwatching and photographing trips you can help to develop a bird database of the country and educate young birdwatchers for the country".

"Trip map."

Electronic map of Mongolia

Tour I
14 Day birdwatching and photographing tour from Siberian Taiga to Gobi Desert.
2-3 nights in a reserved hotel.
5-6 nights in tented camp near birding sites.
5-6- nights in tourist ger camps.

Expect more than 200 species for the trip depending on season.

Itinerary

Day 1 - Arrive in Ulaanbaatar city.
Guides and drivers will pick you up at the International Chingis Khaan airport after your arrival in Ulaanbaatar, which is the capital of Mongolia and check in hotel. You will have a bit of free time at the hotel after that. After a lunch, visit to the Natural History Museum, where you will see 200 species of birds, along with other flora and fauna and a wonderful exhibition of dinosaur fossils (only for early flight).
Will have a welcome dinner at a local restaurant and return to the hotel (L, D).

"Ground nesting Steppe Eagle"

Day 2 - Ulaanbaatar-Hustai Nuruu National Park.
After breakfast in restaurant at the hotel, we will drive to Khustai Nuruu National Park. This is the place to find re-introduced Przewalski’s Wild Horse (Equus przewalskii) in the country. On the way to the park, we will walk along cultivated areas and steppe in search of Mongolian Lark, Greater Short-toed Lark, Pere David’s Snow Finch and Small Snowfinch. In the meantime, we can see soaring Upland Buzzard, Saker Falcon, and Steppe Eagles along the hill side. We will have lunch in the park restaurant. After lunch, we will drive to the Khustai National Park Research Centre to meet with a researcher of the park and visit the wonderful birding sites of the park. Saker Falcons, Upland Buzzards, Eurasian Hobby, Amur Falcons, Golden Eagles, Black Vultures, Lesser Kestrels, Daurian Jackdaws, Rock Sparrows, Meadow Buntings are fairly common there. After birding, we will drive to a water point (spring) that the horses use in the afternoons to drink. We will then head back to the National park restaurant and will have dinner with cold Mongolian beer.
Overnight in tourist ger camp (www.hustai.mn) (Ger camp B, L, D).
Day 3 - Hustai NP-Borogchin Lake.
After breakfast in the restaurant, we will head west to get to a steppe lake, where we will be able to see Ruddy Shelduck, Shoveler, Pintail, Whooper Swan in the lake and Larks, Pallas’s Reed Bunting in the surroundings of the lake. Steppe Eagles, Upland Buzzards, Demoiselle Cranes, Saker Falcons and others come to the lake to drink. Walk around the lake to reach reed beds where we can see Citrine, White and Yellow Wagtails, and Great Reed Warblers and nesting Redshanks, Whooper Swans. After lunch near the lake, we will continue to drive west and reach the Borogchin Lake that is a small lake with reedbeds. We will see Mongolian Lark, Small Snowfinch, Richard’s Pipit, Asian short-toed Lark, Saker Falcon, Steppe Eagle, Upland Buzzards, large colony of House Martin and Barn Swallow, Bar-headed Goose, Whooper Swan, Grey-lag Goose, Ducks and Waders. We will also try to find Asian Dowitcher. On the way we will stop a short time looking for White-naped Crane pair, Oriental Reed Warblers, Pallas’s Reed Bunting, Paddyfield Warbler.
Overnight in tented camp near lake (Camp B, L, D).

"Mongolia Bustard"

Day 4 - Borogchin Lake - Ugii Lake.
In the early morning, we will have breakfast at the campsite and drive to the west to get the large fresh water lake, Ugii lake. We will see thousands of Swan Geese at the south-western end of the lake. We will see Black-throated Loon, Bar-headed Goose, Common and White-naped Crane, breeding Waders, Common Tern (longipennis), Mongolian Gull, Rock Sparrow amongst many others. This site gives us the greatest opportunity to see Pallas’s Fish Eagle, Relict Gull and White-tailed Eagle.
After a long time bird watching, we will reach a tourist ger camp near the lake and spend the night there. (Ger camp B, L, D).
Day 5 - Ugii Lake - Kharkhorin - Erdenezuu Monastery.
After breakfast, we will drive south of the lake to watch around the lake and continue to head south. Driving through the mountain steppe, we will get to Kharkhorin or “Karakhorum” - the 13th century imperial capital of the Mongol Empire. We will visit the “Erdene-Zuu” Monastery, which is one of the largest monasteries in Mongolia. “Erdene-Zuu” monastery was built in 1586. On the way, we will see Steppe raptors, Isabelline Wheatear, Short-toed Larks, Mongolian Larks, Demoiselle Crane and visit the monastery and will have a chance to see a Golden Eagle on the hand of Kazakh eagle hunters.
Overnight in tourist ger camp (Ger camp B, L, D).

"Demoiselle Cranes with chicks - lovely bird family in the steppe"

Day 6 - Erdenezuu Monastery - Hugshin Orkhon – Sangiin Dalai Lake - Arvaikheer.
Early morning, we will drive to the south west and reach to Sangiin Dalai Lake, a steppe lake with reedbeds. We will see Eurasian Spoonbill, Black-throated Loon, Whooper Swan, Citrine Wagtail, Pallas’s Grasshopper Warbler, Mongolian Gull, Fork-tailed Swift. Next morning we will get a town. Visit to nomadic families on the way.
Overnight in tented camp (Camp B, L, D)..
Day 7 - Arvaikheer - Ongiin hiid.
Drive to the south of Arvaikheer town and reach Ongi monastery. We will see Pallas’s Sandgrouse, Desert Warbler, and Desert Wheatear.
Overnight in tourist ger camp (Tourist ger camp B, L, D).

"Reed Parrotbill"

Day 8 - Ongiin hiid - Bayanzag (Dinosaur’s fossils discovery sites).
After breakfast we will continue to drive south and will reach the flaming cliff or Bayanzag (Dinosaur’s fossils discovery sites) where we can camp in Saxaul forest. We will see Pallas’s Sandgrouse, Desert Warbler, nesting Great Grey Shrike (pallidrostris) and Isabelline Shrike. Saxaul Sparrow and Mongolian Ground Jay rarely occur here.
Overnight in tented camp in Saxaul forest (Tented camp B, L, D).

"Saxaul Forest in the Gobi"

Day 9 - Bayanzag - Bulgan - Baruunsaikhan Mountain (Gegeetiin am/valley).
We will visit to south- eastern end of Gobi Altai Mountain. On the way to Bulgan sum (village) centre, we will be able to see Crested Lark, breeding Isabelline Shrike, Desert Wheatear, Asian Brown Flycatcher, Mongolian Finch in planted trees near the village. Visit to Gegeetiin Am, one of the hottest birding sites and camp between high cliff faces with a stream running through. We will see high mountain birds, Himalayan Vulture, Bearded Vulture, Golden Eagle, Mongolian Finches, White-winged Snow Finch, Wall Creeper, Beautiful Rosefinch, Godlewskii’s Bunting, Black Redstart, Crag Martin … This is an ideal place to take photos of interesting high mountain species at close distance.
Overnight in tented camp (Camp B, L, D).
Day 10 - Baruunsaikhan Mountain - Khongoryn els.
After birding near the stream in the morning, we will move to the west of the mountain range to reach Khongoryn els (the largest sand dunes in the country). This is another wonderful landscape to take photos of sand dunes and different habitats of the Gobi desert. Visit to local family and ride two-humped camel. We will reach Khongor River and Saxaul forest to see wonderful nesting Saxual Sparrows and Common Sandpiper, Ruddy Shelduck, Great Grey Shrike, Isabelline Shrike, Pallas’s Sandgrouse, Asian Desert Warbler, Desert Wheatear, Mongolian Finch.
Overnight in tourist ger camp (Ger camp L, D).

"Pallas Reed Bunting"

Day 11 - Khongoryn els- Zuunsaikhan Mountain (Dungenee am/valley).
From the Khongor sand dunes, we will drive to the east, towarding the Zuunsaikhan mountain (Bearded Vulture Valley). On the way, we will search for Henderson’s ground jay in scattered bushy areas. Then we will reach Dungenee valley surrounded by high cliffs with ground spring. At midday, many small birds arrive at spring to drink water. There will be Mongolian Ground Jay (on the way), Chukar, Mongolian Finch, White-winged Snow Finch, Black Redstart, Beautiful Rosefinch, Wall Creeper, Mongolian Accentor, Alpine Accentor and soaring raptors such as Bearded Vulture, Himalayan Griffon, Golden Eagle, Saker Falcon.
Overnight in tented camp near Altai Snowcock area (Camp B, L, D).
Day 12 - Zuunsaikhan Mountain (Dungenee am) - Yolyn am/Valley - Dalanzadgad - Ulaanbaatar.
We will wake up very early morning to see Altai Snowcock near the camp. However, it is not an easy species to see in the region. We will walk up to 3500 m above sea level in order to see the Snowcock. After breakfast, we will walk down to spring in Yolyn am area. We will see Mongolian Finch, White-winged Snow Finch, Black Redstart, Common and Beautiful Rosefinch, Wall Creeper, Mongolian Accentor, Alpine Accentor Bearded Vulture, Twite and Wallcreeper. Afternoon we will drive to Dalanzadgad town and will get a domestic flight from the town to Ulaanbaatar.
(Camp B, L, Ulaanbaatar town restaurant D).

"White-naped Cranes"

Day 13 - Terelj National Park.
After breakfast we will drive to the Taiga forest area named as Terelj. We can see Taiga forest species. We will see Taiga Flycatcher, all species Woodpeckers listed in the bird list, Siberian Rubythroat, Olive backed Pipit, Oriental Cuckoo, breeding Daurian Jackdaw, White-cheeked Starling, Yellow-browed Warbler, Dusky Warbler, Great Tit, Willow Tit, Pine Bunting, etc.
Overnight in tented camp near river and cook a traditional meal “Khorkhog” by traditional way. For early departing guests, we will leave the area before the dinner (Hotel B, Camp L, Camp or Restaurant D).
Day 14 - Ulaanbaatar city tour..
For late departing clients, we will drive to Ulaanbaatar after a birding around the site and have a lunch near the river and back to Ulaanbaatar city. You will be able to shop for souvenirs, original pure cashmere gifts and garments. After dinner transfer to the Chingis Khaan International Airport. End of our services in Mongolia.
(Camp B, L, Restaurant D).

14 Day tour price is: 2 pax US$ 2750 per person. 4 pax US$2300 per person.
Single supplement: US$125.
Due to currency fluctuations and fuel cost we reserve the right to adjust any pricing prior to departure.

Convert your tour cost into your currency of choice.

"Trip map."

Tour II
14 Day Birdwatching and photographing tour from Siberian Taiga Forest to Eastern Mongolian steppe.
3-4 nights in a reserved hotel.
8-9 nights in tented camp near birding sites.
1-2 nights in tourist ger camps.

Expect more than 200 species for the trip depending on season.

Itinerary

Day 1 - Arrive in Ulaanbaatar city.
Guides and drivers will pick you up at the International Chingis Khaan airport after your arrival in Ulaanbaatar, which is the capital of Mongolia and check in hotel. You will have a bit of free time at the hotel after that. After a lunch, visit to the Natural History Museum, where you will see 200 species of birds, along with other flora and fauna and a wonderful exhibition of dinosaur fossils (only for early flight).
Will have a welcome dinner at a local restaurant and return to the hotel (L, D).

"Saker Falcon "

Day 2 - Terelj National Park.
After breakfast, we will drive to the northeast of Ulaanbaatar and reach Terelj river valley. We will watch forest and forest steppe birds: Steppe Eagle, Black Vulture, Oriental Cuckoo, Hoopoe, Great-spotted Woodpecker, Black Woodpecker, Willow Tit and Azure winged Magpie. We will try to spot Siberian Rubythroat and Red-flanked Bluetail.
Overnight in a tented camp near the river valley (Restaurant B, Camp L, D).
Day 3 - Baldan Bereeven Khiid Monastery.
After breakfast, we will drive east along Herlen river. We will reach a small lake called “Blue Lake” where Chinggis khan was named Khaan (King) of all Mongols in 1189. We will see forest steppe, mountain steppe and steppe birds: Saker Falcon, Golden Eagle, Amur Falcon, Upland Buzzard, Lesser Kestrel, Black Vulture, Mongolian Lark, Greater Short-toed Lark, and Demoiselle crane.
Overnight in a tented camp (Camp B, L, D).

"Illusive Siberian Rubythroat in the forest"

" Day 4 - Khurkh delta into Onon river.
In the morning, birdwatching around camp site. After that, we will continue to drive to the east, to reach the delta of Khurkh and Onon rivers. The Onon is one of the largest freshwater mountain rivers in Mongolia. The river valley’s vegetation is mixed willow and poplar trees. We will see Black Stork, Swan Goose, Northern Shoveler, Golden Eye, White-naped crane, Demoiselle crane, Saker Falcon, Mongolian Lark, Greater Whitethroat, Asian Brown Flycatcher, Daurian Jackdaw, Pine Bunting and Taiga Flycatcher. We will see White-naped Cranes with chicks on the way to the Onon river valley.
Overnight in a tented camp (Camp B, L, D).

"Siberian Cranes"

" Day 5 - Dadal sum- Great Chingis Khaan’s birthplace.
Drive to the east, crossing the river to reach Dadal sum center, which is the Great Chingis Khaan’s birthplace. Visit to several historical sites including a mineral spring and Chinggis khaan’s monument at meantime birding. Pine forest species can be found in the valley of the river. Birds of the forest, forest steppe, mountain steppe, river valley and bush will be found here: Great-crested Grebe, Black Stork, Saker Falcon, Steppe Eagle, Golden Eagle, Upland Buzzard, Lesser Kestrel, Daurian Redstart, Siberian Rubythroat, Red-throated Thrush, Common Rosefinch, Meadow Bunting and Yellow-breasted Bunting. We will roam around some of the lakes and river valleys.
Overnight in a tourist ger camp (Camp B, L, ger camp D).
Day 6 - Ulz River.
After lunch, we will drive to the south and then turn east, along Ulz river valley. This is the breeding site of Demoiselle crane, White-naped Crane, Black Stork, Swan Goose and Great Bustard.
Overnight in tented camp near the river (Camp B, L, D).
Day 7 - 8 - Ulz river - Mongol Daguur Strictly Protected Area.
We will drive continuously to the east through many village centers. Eastern Marsh Harrier, breeding pairs of White-naped crane and Demoiselle cranes with chicks, Hooded crane, waders, ducks listed in the bird list. Sand Martin and Pale Sand martin are possible sightings at the lake. We will see also Mongolian Gulls, Common and White-winged Black Tern, , all species of Wagtails in the list, White-cheeked Starling, Pallas’s Grasshopper Warbler. Possibly - although rare - Siberian and Japanese Cranes (only a few records here). We saw both species in 2009 and 2010 at the same site in the valley.
Overnight in a tented camp near the steppe lake and Ulz river. (Camp B, L, D).
Day 9 - Khukh Lake.
We will reach Khukh Lake; which is the lowest point of Mongolia at 560 m above sea level. We will see Grebes, Ducks, Pochards, Geese, Waders, Gulls listed in the bird list, breeding pairs of White-naped, Demoiselle and Common cranes with chicks, Isabelline and Brown Shrikes, Pallas’s Reed Bunting and Yellow-breasted Bunting. Also we can see many migrant waders including Pacific Golden Plovers and Little Curlew (on autumn migration).
Overnight in a tented camp near lake (Camp B, L, D).
Day 10 - Khukh Lake - Choibalsan Town.
After birding in the morning, we will drive to Choibalsan town. On the way to town, we will visit Yakhi lake which is a salt lake with many White-tailed Mongolian Gazelles. We will bird watching around Choibalsan town and Herlen river valley. Internet and international phone are available in the town.
Overnight in hotel. Refreshing. (Camp B, L, Local restaurant D).

"Large herd of Mongolian White-tailed Gazelles"

" Day 11 - Buir Lake.
After breakfast, we will drive to the east of Choibalsan and reach Buir Lake. We will see Horned Grebe, Little Grebe, Eurasian Bittern, several hundreds of Swan Goose, Bean Goose, Spot-billed Duck, Wigeon, Pintail, White-winged Scoter, Hen Harrier, Pied Harrier, Eastern Marsh Harrier, Waders, Pied Avocet, Eurasian Curlew.
Overnight in a tented camp near the lake (Local restaurant B, Camp L, D).
Day 12 - Khalkh gol River.
Drive to Khalkh gol sum and reach Tashgain tavan nuur/lakes. We will see very rare typical high grassland steppe. Priority species will be the Reed Parrotbill (very rare), Marsh Grassbird, Pallas’s grasshopper warbler. Birds will be same as day 11.
Overnight in a tented camp. (Camp B, L, D).
Day 13 - Menen Steppe - Steppe lakes - Choibalsan Town.
After lunch, we will head back to Choibalsan town through small lakes where we can see Relict Gulls in the lakes. Also many wader species listed in the bird list. After birding around the lakes, we will get Choibalsan town. It will be the longest drive.
Overnight in a hotel. (Camp B, L, restaurant D).
Day 14 - Choibalsan Town - Ulaanbaatar city tour - Departure.
In the morning we will get a domestic flight from the town to Ulaanbaatar. Activities can include shopping and watching national music and song performances in Ulaanbaatar. Before dinner, you will have a wonderful national music and song performance at the theatre in Ulaanbaatar city centre. We will have all together farewell dinner.
Overnight at hotel. (Camp B, Local restaurant L, D). After dinner we will transfer late departing guests to the Chingis Khaan Airport.
Day 15- Departure.
For early departing guests, transfer to Chingis Khaan International Airport. End of our services in Mongolia.

14 Day tour price is: 2 pax US$ 2750 per person. 4 pax US$2300 per person.
Single supplement: US$125.
Due to currency fluctuations and fuel cost we reserve the right to adjust any pricing prior to departure.

Convert your tour cost into your currency of choice.

Included:
Transport in the country and terminal transfer. Meals (breakfast B, lunch L, dinner D). Camel and horse trek. Organize city tour and shopping. Museums and national entertainment. English speaking guide and bird watching guide. Entrance fee to the protected areas. All camping materials (sleeping bag, kitchen, cooking equipment, cook etc.)
Excluded:
International transportation, Travel insurance, Visas, Departure tax, Alcoholic drinks and items of personal nature.

Notes:
All the date of itineraries include arrival and departure dates.
All trips are available year round, but prices may be adjusted around special holidays.
Minimum lead time 2 month.
To check availability for tours on short notice, fill out “Request for Quote” form with desirable dates.

Birding season: For migratory species in April-early May and end of August-September. For breeding birds in May-June. For resident or wintering birds (winter visitors) in December-February.
Fitness:
We will camp in tents close by bird watching areas and some time drive at long distance by dirt road over the steppe and mountains.
Equipment: Could you bring own cameras, telescopes, binoculars, bird guide books and personal equipments (battery charger, notebook etc…). Car invertor (car battery 12V to 220V) ia available during the trip.

Should you only need a guide for a day please send a message to Gomboo.   

		Gombobaatar (Gomboo), your local Birdingpal guide Dr. Sundev Gombobaatar, Founder and President of the Mongolian Ornithological Society. Since 1999, he has worked at the Mongolian Ornithological Society as a Director General. He has written several books relating to biodiversity and birds in Mongolian and English. Please, check the at www.mos.mn. Gomboo got Ph.D. degree at the National University of Mongolia and completed his post doctorate programme in Israel (Ben Gurion University and International Birding and Research Centre, Eilat). He has been leading the following projects not only bird watching but also bird research and conservation in the country in order to educate a new generation of ornithologists and to conserve rare birds and their habitats. 2008-2012. Biodiversity Data Bank Manager and Coordinator of the Regional Redlist of Birds, and Medicinal Plants in Mongolia supported by Dutch Government (NEMO-2), World Bank, Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism, Mongolia. 2009-2011. National team leader of the “Avian influenza and bird migration in Mongolia” funded by OIE, Japan. 2008-2009. Supervisor of the “A risk assessments of high power electric line in Mongolia” funded by the Asia Research Centre, Korean Foundation for Advanced Studies, South Korea. 2008-2009. Supervisor of the “The assessment of high risk utility lines and conservation of the globally threatened pole-nesting steppe raptors in Mongolia” funded by the Oriental Bird Club, UK. 2007-2008. Supervisor of the “Taxonomy, biology and ecology of Upland Buzzard Buteo hemilasius in Mongolia” funded by the Asian Research Centre, Korean Foundation for Advanced Studies, South Korea. 2007-2008. Co-supervisor of the “Mitigating raptor electrocutions in” funded by IBRC, Eilat, Israel, Lynette International Foundation, UK and EDM International, Inc USA etc… He has been organizing and guiding the bird watching tours in the country for world known bird watchers for last 11 years. Gomboo speaks English, Russian and Mongolian-native. More information about Gomboo and his involvement of birding tours for the Society is available at www.mos.mn. His interesting initiative for birding in Mongolia very near future will be the traveling from the most north to the most south point of the country covering all natural zones and habitats near future. More information is available at www.mos.mn or email to him. You can partly join in the trip.
		Uugan Uuganbauar, your local Birdingpal guide Ch.Uuganbayar (Uugan) is a lecturer of Biology-Eco tourism Department, School of Nature Science Mongolian State University of Agriculture. He is a member of the Mongolian Ornithological Society. He has also published numerous publications and papers relating to wildlife in Mongolia. He has also been organizing and guiding the bird watching tours in the country for last 7 years. Uugan speaks English, Russian and Mongolian-native. More information about Uugan and his involvement of birding tours for the Society is available at www.mos.mn.
		Amartuvshin (Amaraa) your local Birdingpal guide P.Amartuvshin (Amaraa), a manager of the bird watching devision of the Mongolian Ornithological Society. He finished his M.Sc. degree on “Impacts of power lines on the bird’s mortality and retrofitting measures” at the Ornithological Laboratory of National University of Mongolia in 2010. He has also been guiding bird watching tours in the country for last 3 years. Amaraa speaks English and Mongolian-native. More information about Amaraa and his involvement of birding tours for the Society is available at www.mos.mn.

Testimonials.

Last year, we (11 participants from Germany) had a wonderful birdwatching tour in central Mongolia (24 days, 3 cars, 2400 km, more than 200 bird species). Dr. Sundev Gombobaatar was our professional birdwatching guide. He is an excellent ornithologist and was a good guide (dependable, hardworking, astute, punctual). Bernd Nicolai. nicolai(AT)halberstadt.de Museum Heineanum, Halberstadt, Germany www.heineanum.de

Some facts about Mongolia.

Mongolia (known historically as ‘Outer Mongolia’ and known as the ‘Mongolian People’s Republic’ during the communist period 1924 to 1992) is a large upland country in northern Central Asia, lying between the south of eastern Siberia and northern China. It is c. 2,400 km across from east to west and is c. 1,250 km from north to south at its widest point. It covers an area of 1,564,100 km2 and in 1998 had a population of 2.4 million people, with more than 1 million living in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar. The country is mountainous, with about 60% of the surface lying between 1,000–2,000 m (above sea level), and just 15% below 1,000 m. Mongolia contains a great array of natural habitats and associated flora and fauna. Moving just a few hundred kilometres from north to south, the landscape is seen to change from the forested mountains of the southern reaches of the Siberian taiga, to the barren Gobi desert. From west to east, the landscape changes from mountainous terrain to vast plains. The main vegetation zones encompass mountain taiga (4% of the projected surface area), the alpine belt (3%), forest steppe (mountain forest steppe, 25%), dry steppe (26%), desert steppe (semi-desert, 27%), and desert (15%).
Mongolia has a markedly continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers. The country averages about 260 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the centre of a region of high atmospheric pressure. There are large diurnal and annual variations in temperature, low relative humidity and low precipitation, of which approximately 70% falls during the summer (June/July – early September).

More facts about Mongolia.

Guide books and CD’s recommended:

Gombobaatar, S. A photographic guide to the birds of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 2010. (In English)
Gombobaatar, S. A dictionary of vertebrate animals of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 2010. (In English)
Gombobaatar, S., A.Braunlich, Sh. Boldbaatar. (2011). Birds of Mongolia: A field guide to the birds of Mongolia. A&C Black Helm. London, UK (in press).
Flint, V.E., Boehme, R.L., Kostin, Y.V., Kuznetzov, A.A. (1984). Birds of Russia and adjacent territories. Princeton University Press.
Mackinnon, J., and Phillipps, K. (2000). A field guide to the birds of China. Oxford University Press. New York. p.93.
Brazil, M. 2009. Birds of East Asia. A&C Black Helm. London, UK

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Last update 27/10/2011